橫河SR20-AC22玻璃電極  PH計SR20-AC22橫河

SR20

SR20 Single Reference Electrodes （non-flow）

The selection of the correct type of junction of a reference electrode depends on the process conditions under which this electrode has to function. The following junction types are available: 1. Ceramic junction.

2. Glass sleeve capillary element.

3. P.T.F.E. junction.

The purpose of the junction is to maintain contact between the reference system in the electrode and the process liquid. When selecting the correct junction, consideration has to be given to ensure that the process liquid does not penetrate into the electrode causing poisoning and a consequential unstable liquid junction potential.

With the first two types of junction, listed above, the KCI solution flows slowly into the process. The flow rate is dependent on the over-pressure in the electrode and on the process temperature. The electrolyte flow rate increases with increasing temperature.

For use in very dirty liquids a glass sleeve capillary element is preferred because of its larger flow surface. The sleeve can be easily cleaned by first moving the ground ring upwards and then wiping the ground faces. Non-flowing reference electrodes with a porous P.T.F.E. junction can also be used in many dirty liquid applications. The dirt resistant properties of P.T.F.E. will prevent complete fouling of the diaphragm.

A non-flow type reference electrode can be used for processes that don’t contain components that poison the reference system. The gel-type electrodes have a large area of porous PTFE junction for optimal resistance against electrode pollution. The SR20-AP26 electrode is the optimal choice for processes that cannot stand contamination with KCl. The electrode has a flexible PTFE tube. Therefore this electrode can be applied in processes with frequent temperature- and pressure fluctuations.

Features

• Easy maintenance.

• No reference liquid wastage.

• Maximum process pressure: 1000 kPa （10 bar）.

• High quality Ag/AgCl reference system （pin）

which can stand high temperatures

Additional features of types SR20（D）-AC22

• Temperature / pressure variation compensation.

• To be used in non-polluting fluids.

• Saturated KCl-solution （pellets）.

• For low ionic applications and high temperatures.

• Temperature range: 0 to 120ºC.

• Diaphragm resistance （25ºC） <5kΩ.

Additional characteristics of type SR20（D）-AP24

• General purpose PTFE diaphragm electrode.

• Large PTFE diaphragm.

Additional characteristics of type SR20（D）-AP26

• When KCl is prohibited in the application.

• Double junction, thickened KNO3 in buffer compartment.

• Large PTFE diaphragm against pollution.

Specifications Single Reference Electrodes （non-flow）

* In application where high process temperature occur together with very low （<2） or very high （>12） PH levels the lifetime is shortened.

SR20 Single Reference Electrodes （flow）

Pressure compensated Reference Electrode

In processes with pressure variations, the composition of the electrolyte may change as a result of process liquid penetration into the electrode. Any change in composition of the electrolyte may cause a measuring error or even poisoning of the reference system of the electrode. To alleviate this problem, the electrode with an integral pressure compensation system （“Bellomatic” -type electrode”） may be the solution.

Reference electrode

• Flowing type sensors for dirty applications or （Ultra） pure water applications （often needs a electrolyte reservoir）

• Non-flow type sensors for all general applications

• Ceramic and PTFE junction : electrolyte flows slowly into the process. PTFE resists dirt

• Glass sleeve : very dirty applications or for （Ultra） pure water applications because of the larger flow-rate

Features

• Liquid flow output preventing diaphragm fouling and poisoning the reference system.

• High quality Ag/AgCl reference system （pin） which can stand high temperatures and temperature fluctuations.

• Standard 3.3 m. KCl electrolyte, at temp. above 70ºC thickened electrolyte is advised.

• Automatic compensation for process pressure variations.

• Chemical resistant Viton Bellow material.

• Constant flow of reference liquid, independent of the process pressure variations for minimal diffusion potential.

• Suitable for pure water applications and for polluting fluids.

• Refillable, large KCl reservoir.

Note:

The flow is highly dependent on temperature. When using

the electrode continuously at temperature over 70ºC it is

recommended to fill the electrode with a reference liquid

having a higher viscosity, ordernr. K1520VN （3.3 m. KCl）.

The electrode function is as follows:

The electrolyte vessel of the electrode contains a bellow which is compressed in the working position. One side of the bellow is connected to the pressure via the ceramic junction and at the other side via the inner tube. The pressure inside the bellow equals the pressure outside and only the elasticity of the bellow itself causes the over-pressure which results in a flow of electrolyte. When the bellow is fully “expanded” the electrolyte is exhausted and refilling is required. The bellow must be compressed before refilling.

The refillable reference electrodes have a positive flow of electrolyte to prevent junction fouling or poisoning of the reference system. To prevent penetration of the process liquid into the electrode the pressure in the electrode must be higher than the process pressure. The ceramic junction is suitable for most applications. In strong polluting processes a sleeve junction is preferable.

Specifications Single Reference Electrodes （flow）

3） The flow is highly dependent on temperature. When using the elctrode continuously at tempratures over 70°C it is recommended to fill the electrode with a reference liquid having a higher viscosity （ordernr. 82895203 and 82895258）

PH計，是一種常用的儀器設(shè)備，主要用來精密測量液體介質(zhì)的酸堿度值，配上相應(yīng)的離子選擇電極也可以測量離子電極電位MV值，廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、科研、環(huán)保等領(lǐng)域。該儀器也是食品廠、飲用水廠辦QS、HACCP認(rèn)證中的*檢驗設(shè)備。
 人們根據(jù)生產(chǎn)與生活的需要，科學(xué)地研究生產(chǎn)了許多型號的酸度計：
按測量精度
可分0.2級、0.1級、0.01級或更高精度。
按儀器體積
分有筆式（迷你型）、便攜式、臺式還有在線連續(xù)監(jiān)控測量的在線式。
根據(jù)使用的要求
筆式（迷你型）與便攜式pH酸堿度計一般是檢測人員帶到現(xiàn)場檢測使用。
選擇pH酸堿度計的精度級別是根據(jù)用戶測量所需的精度決定，而后根據(jù)用戶方便使用而選擇各式形狀的pH計。
◆按便攜性分的，分為：便攜式pH計，臺式pH計和筆式pH計。
◆按用途分為：實驗室用pH計，工業(yè)在線pH計等。
◆按*程度分為經(jīng)濟(jì)型pH計，智能型pH計，精密型pH計或分為指針式pH計，數(shù)顯式pH計。
◆筆式pH計，一般制成單一量程，測量范圍狹，為簡便儀器。
便攜式和臺式pH計測量范圍較廣，常用儀器，不同點是便攜式采用直流供電，可攜帶到現(xiàn)場。實驗室pH計測量范圍廣、功能多、測量精度高。
工業(yè)用pH計的特點是要求穩(wěn)定性好、工作可靠，有一定的測量精度、環(huán)境適應(yīng)能力強(qiáng)、抗*力強(qiáng)，具有模擬里量輸出、數(shù)字通訊、上下限報警和控制功能等。
什么是pH？pH是拉丁文“Pondus hydrogenii”一詞的縮寫（Pondus=壓強(qiáng)、壓力hydrogenium=氫），用來量度物質(zhì)中氫離子的活性。這一活性直接關(guān)系到水溶液的酸性、中性和堿性。水在化學(xué)上是中性的，但不是沒有離子，即使化學(xué)純水也有微量被離解：嚴(yán)格地講，只有在與水分子水合作用以前，氫核不是以自由態(tài)存在。
H2O+ H2O=H3O+ + OHˉ
  顯示控制儀
由于水合氫離子（H3O）的濃度是與氫離子（H）濃度等同看待，上式可以簡化成下述常用的形式：
H2O=H+ + OHˉ
此處正的氫離子人們在化學(xué)中表示為“H+離子”或“氫核”。水合氫核表示為“水合氫離子”。負(fù)的氫氧根離子稱為“氫氧化物離子”。
利用質(zhì)量作用定律，對于純水的離解可以找到一平衡常數(shù)加以表示：
K=H3O+×OH————H2O
由于水只有極少量被離解，因此水的克分子濃度實際為一常數(shù)，并且有平衡常數(shù)K可求出水的離子積KW。
KW=K×H2O KW= H3O+·OH－=10－7·10－7=10－14mol/l（25℃）
也就是說對于一升純水在25℃時存在10－7摩爾H3O+離子和10－7摩爾OHˉ離子。
在中性溶液中，氫離子H+和氫氧根離子OHˉ的濃度都是10－7mol/l。如：
假如有過量的氫離子H+，則溶液呈酸性。酸是能使水溶液中的氫離子H+游離的物質(zhì)。同樣，如果使OHˉ離子游離，那么溶液就是堿性的。所以，給出H+值就足以表示溶液的特性，呈酸性還是堿性，為了免于用此分子濃度負(fù)冥指數(shù)進(jìn)行運算，生物學(xué)家澤倫森（Soernsen）在1909年建議將此不便使用的數(shù)值用對數(shù)代替，并定義為“pH值”。數(shù)學(xué)上定義pH值為氫離子濃度的常用對數(shù)負(fù)值。即pH=-log[H+]。
因此，pH值是離子濃度以10為底的對數(shù)的負(fù)數(shù)：
改變50m3的水的pH值，從pH2到pH3需要500L漂白劑。然而，從pH6到pH7只需要50L的漂白劑。
測量pH值的方法很多，主要有化學(xué)分析法、試紙法、電位法?，F(xiàn)主要介紹電位法測得pH值。
電位分析法所用的電極被稱為原電池。原電池是一個系統(tǒng)，它的作用是使化學(xué)反應(yīng)能量轉(zhuǎn)成為電能。此電池的電壓被稱為電動勢（EMF）。此電動勢（EMF）由二個半電池構(gòu)成，其中一個半電池稱作指示電極，它的電位與特定的離子活度有關(guān)，如H+；另一個半電池為參比半電池，通常稱作參比電極，它一般是測量溶液相通，并且與測量儀表相連。
例如，一支電極由一根插在含有銀離子的鹽溶液中的一根銀導(dǎo)線制成，在導(dǎo)線和溶液的界面處，由于金屬和鹽溶液二種物相中銀離子的不同活度，形成離子的充電過程，并形成一定的電位差。失去電子的銀離子進(jìn)溶液。當(dāng)沒有施加外電流進(jìn)行反充電，也就是說沒有電流的話，這一過程zui終會達(dá)到一個平衡。在這種平衡狀態(tài)下存在的電壓被稱為半電池電位或電極電位。這種（如上所述）由金屬和含有此金屬離子的溶液組成的電極被稱為*類電極。
此電位的測量是相對一個電位與鹽溶液的成分無關(guān)的參比電極進(jìn)行的。這種具有獨立電位的參比電極也被稱為第二電極。對于此類電極，金屬導(dǎo)線都是覆蓋一層此種金屬的微溶性鹽（如：Ag/Agcl），并且插入含有此種金屬鹽陰離子的電解質(zhì)溶液中。此時半電池電位或電極電位的大小取決于此種陰離子的活度。
此二種電極之間的電壓遵循能斯特（NERNST）公式：
  能斯特公式
式中：E—電位
E0—電極的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電壓
R—氣體常數(shù)（8.31439焦耳/摩爾和℃）
T—開氏溫度（例：20℃相當(dāng)于（273.15+20）293.15開爾文）
F—法拉弟常數(shù)（96493庫化/當(dāng)量）
n—被測離子的化合價（銀=1，氫=1）
ln（aMe）—離子活度aMe的對數(shù)
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氫電極是所有電位測量的參比點。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氫電極是一根鉑絲，用電解的方法鍍（涂覆）上氯化鉑，并且在四周充入氫氣（固定壓力為1013hpa）構(gòu)成的。
將此電極浸入在25℃時H3O+離子含量為1mol/l溶液中便形成電化學(xué)中所有電位測量所參照的半電池電位或電極電位。其中氫電極作為參比電極在實踐中很難實現(xiàn)，于是使用第二類電極做為參比電極。其中zui常用的便是銀/氯化銀電極。該電極通過溶解的AgCl對于氯離子濃度的變化起反應(yīng)。
此參比電極的電極電位通過飽和的kcl貯池（如：3mol/l kcl）來實現(xiàn)恒定。液體或凝膠形式的電解質(zhì)溶液通過隔膜與被測溶液相連通。
  QS認(rèn)證酸度計
利用上述的電極組合—銀電極和Ag/AgCl參比電極可以測量膠片沖洗液中的銀離子含量。也可以將銀電極換成鉑或金電極進(jìn)行氧化還原電位的測量。例如：某種金屬離子的氧化階段。
zui常用的pH指示電極是玻璃電極。它是一支端部吹成泡狀的對于pH敏感的玻璃膜的玻璃。管內(nèi)充填有含飽和AgCl的3mol/l kcl緩沖溶液，pH值為7。存在于玻璃膜二面的反映pH值的電位差用Ag/AgCl傳導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)，
如第二電極，導(dǎo)出。pH復(fù)合電極和pH固態(tài)電極，